Analysis Of Blood On The Forge By William Attaway

A Change of Culture Culture has the power of informing you of someone’s identity. It is said that culture is the way of life a group of people follow, meaning their behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that identify them as where they came from, who they are, and who they can become. On the other hand, we know that culture is always changing and adapting to the lifestyle and advances of the present day. This can happen by the adaptation groups of people have suffered in order to achieve a better way of living other than the one they’ve previously had. Examples of these changes can be seen with the â€Å"Great Migration† in the 1900s. A movement in which many African Americans moved to the North to work and settle in the steel mills in search of a better life. In Blood on the Forge by William Attaway, we are able to in fact prove that culture can change and adaptation plays a key role in our existence. The book portrays this change through the life and experie nces of the Moss brothers and their lifestyle from Kentucky to Pennsylvania. With that of culture comes our identity through music. The â€Å"death of the blues† serves as an example in how culture is put up to the challenge of change. Melody, Chinatown, and Big Mat represent â€Å"the loss of folk culture which accompanied the Great Migration of Black people from the rural South to the industrial North† (Waldron 58). As we begin to read, we are able to interpret their lives and identity in the South through Melody’s music. This

Analysis Of The Book The Trojan War - 872 Words

In the 13th century, a war like no other took place that shook Heaven and Earth. It was called the Trojan War. The war was cause over the young prince Paris kidnapping the queen of Greek at that time Helen. Dark force dealing with gods and kings that wanted power to ruler over the world. This would give birth to countless legends, heroes, story’s pass on throughout generations. This war would also be the first to show how to use strategy in a war like manner to overcome any odds. While visiting Greece, the young prince, of Troy Paris, fell in love with the world most beautiful woman, Helen. Upon his depart Paris decide to kidnap the queen of the Greeks, and take her with him to his homeland of Troy. Seeing this as an excellent opportunity to bring down the great wall of Troy Agamemnon decide it was best to wage war. King Menelaus, Helen husband at that time and king of Greek feel with such anger he agreed with his brother Agamemnon plan. He gave two order bring back Helen, and burn the city of Troy. This led Agamemnon to find some of Greeks greatest warriors also; he ended up seeking out the help of that man. Resting on an unknown island set a blonde hair man with blue eyes reading a letter with a confuse look on his face that man name was Achilles the half god half human son of the goddess Thetis. â€Å"Calling upon his good friend Odysseus they head out with over fifty ships, and 2,500 soldiers to bring down the great city of Troy. After Achilles arrive on Troy many battlesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Trojan War A New History 1460 Words   |  6 Pages Adrian Olivas September 8, 2015 Classics 40 Mr. Smith 4:00 Berry Strauss’s â€Å"The Trojan War a New History† Book Review Barry Strauss, professor of classics at Cornell University attempts to redefine a one of history’s biggest love affairs, the Trojan War. Strauss explains how certain events and characters from Homers â€Å"The Odyssey† might have actually existed, but also uses modern discoveries from the Bronze Age to compare Homers account to those of Egypt, the Middle EastRead MoreThe Iliad : Greeks And Their Love For War1568 Words   |  7 PagesCLAS1101 The Iliad: Greeks and Their Love for ‘War’ It has long been a popular scholarly opinion that the Greeks in the Iliad were lovers of war and violence. The Greeks were most definitely primal beasts, and blood shedders, a fact made abundantly clear in the Iliad. However, I think that the Greeks were not lovers of war, furthermore I think this interpretation is shortsighted. The amount of violence in the Iliad seems to be evidence for their love of war, but the ancient world was primal and passionateRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Myth1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad is the story of the Trojan war, while The Odyssey is about Odysseus’ ten year adventure home from the war. â€Å"The story of the Trojan War, the Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece, straddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity† (Trojan War, history.com). Homer’s poem paints a very vivid picture when it comes to his recount of the war. He describes in g reat detail how the war went on for ten years and howRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 PagesClytemnestra. In Greek myths, she was considered the most beautiful woman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, Cicero, Euripides and Homer (both The Iliad and The Odyssey). In her youth she was abducted by, or eloped with, Theseus, and in some accounts bore him a childRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Iliad1714 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies. The story covers intense battles in which the Greeks take on the Trojans. Homer does a fantastic job of bringing the poem to life and uses the gods to show the scale of the tale. While the poem is well written and grabs the reader’s attention, upon further analysis one can conclude that there is a serious problem concerning the tension between personal desire and rational ethical thinking. Throughout the book this conflict appears time and time again and puts to question exactly how theRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles The Trojan War was more than a series of battles between opposing forces, it was the climax of an age of heroes. The retrieval of Helen brought together many of the mythological characters of that time onto a single stage. Of the thousands of brave men who fought at Ilion, two men stood above the masses, sharing the title of hero. They were born in the line of those on Mt. Olympus, favored by the gods. Excelling in courage and skill, adored by thoseRead MoreThe Iliad: Literary Analysis1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iliad: Literary Analysis Throughout The Iliad, an epic poem written by Homer, there were numerous warriors and other characters that could be looked upon as heroes; some of these heroes included Achilles, Ajax, Diomedes, Hector, and Glaucus. All of these individuals were heroes because of their remarkable mental and physical strength: they were courageous and were better fighters in war than other ordinary men. The trade of battle was a way of life to the Greeks back in Homer’s time. ChildrenRead MoreThe Eruption Of The Iliad1558 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Humanization of The Iliad The eruption of the Trojan War might stand as one of the most relevant events in Greek mythology. A raging war between kings and gods alike shed blood bath, eventually bringing Troy to a crumble. Was the war intended to be a battle between the mortals? Throughout the epic of Homer’s The Iliad, the gods take on human characteristics, allowing their feelings guide them, intervening, through the war. Before the war began, there was a wedding feast to honor Thetis andRead MoreIliad’s Dilemmas with the Definition Piety 846 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween humans and gods or vise versa. However, one can interpret that after reading book one, six, and seven of The Iliad by Homer, that there are dilemmas that are associated with this definition. The three examples that shows this are: In book one, when Homer mentioned the communication between Achilles and Athene, in book six, which explained the exchange that was made by the woman of troy to Athene and in book 7, where the Achaians did not sacrifice anything to Zeus. The communication betweenRead MoreAeneid Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesAeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil s poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer s Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling them

Why Were the Corn Laws Repealed in 1846 free essay sample

Although the repeal of the Corn Laws is one of the most studied questions in 19th century tariff politics, its historical interpretations are still disputable today. The repeal of the Corn Laws is historically relevant because of â€Å"its alleged significance as an indication of the waning of aristocratic domination of British politics† (McKeown 1989: 353). Historiography has to solve the following empirical puzzle: in 1846 Charles Villiers (a leading member of the Anti-Corn Law League in parliament) proposed total and immediate repeal of the Corn Laws, just as he had in preceding years. The motion was overwhelmingly defeated. Yet, only a few weeks later, Peel laid his motion for repeal before the House. By 16 May, Peel’s version of repeal had passed its third reading (Brawley 2006: 467). Sir Robert Peel counted on more than 300 votes for passage of repeal in 1846, implying a winning margin of 90 votes (McKeown 1989: 356). However, this shift in political support began as soon as 1842. Moreover, from the beginning of their implementation the Corn Laws were not without controversy in the Tory Party itself (section 5). After having sketched the historical debate (section 2), as well as the implementation of the Corn Laws with the Importation Act 1815 (section 3), this essay analyses in how far external shocks (4), theoretical development (5) or interest groups (6) contributed most to the policy reform in 1846. Another possible cause of the repeal might be found in the different understanding of the adjustment process of repeal, changing the interests of landowners (7). Finally, this essay concludes that several long term developments, the increasing fear of a new Irish Famine as well as the changing nature of landowners’ interests can explain why the Corn Laws were repealed. Furthermore, Peel as a person plays a role insofar as he was open to new evidence and can be considered as an undogmatic politician: a typical representative of British Empiricism. 2. THE HISTORICAL DEBATE Originally the Corn Laws were designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846. The high import duties, which were imposed by the Importation Act of 1815 (repealed by the Importation Act of 1846) prevented the import of grain from other countries. The Corn Laws improved the economic situation of landowners by increasing the price of grain and inducing cultivation on less productive land; the land rents thus increased. Since grain was the major consumption good of labourers, the high price of grain necessitated an increase in the nominal wages of labourers and thusly reduced the profits of manufactures (Irwin 1996: 94). The essential matter was therefore food prices, since the price of grain influenced the price of the most important food staple: bread. 3. THE IMPORTATION ACT OF 1815 The Importation Act of 1815 thus â€Å"provided protection to British agriculture, primarily benefiting the landlords who dominated parliament† (Irwin 1989: 41). Landowners were a long-established class, who were heavily represented in Parliament. The Tory Party, dominated by the landowning aristocracy, and Peel supported protection of agriculture in the form of the restrictive Corn Law of 1815. Additionally, the political representation of the landowners’ interests was supported by Malthus at his concern about the dependence on foreign supply (Irwin 1996: 95-97). After having sketched the political and economic logic of the implementation of the Corn Laws, this essay will deal with the question as to how and why the Corn Laws got repealed in 1846. I will consider whether it was the shocks or long-range developments, a shift in political representation of interest groups or the change of personal or public beliefs, which caused the repeal. 4. AN EXTERNAL SHOCK: THE GREAT FAMINE One of the most obvious explanations can be found in using external shocks leading to the different policy outcomes in 1846. As stated in the first section, on 1st of March 1846, Charles Villiers’ proposition to repeal the Corn Laws clearly failed as in preceding years. On March 7th, John Mitchel, one of the leading political writers of the Irish newspaper â€Å"Young Ireland†, wrote an article on English Rule that people could expect a famine any time soon and that this event would be not attributed to the rule of heaven as to the greedy and cruel policy of England† (Mitchel 1846). Although the government had â€Å"received already urgent notices beginning in October 1845 of a failure of the Irish potato crop, raising the fear of famine† (Irwin 1989: 52), this article expressed a new form of criticism of English trade policies. This indicates two things: first, that political pressure from Ireland increased during 1846. Second, that the famine had begun before March 1846. Therefore, the increase of the political pressure as well as the manifestation of the â€Å"Great Hunger† could have influenced the voting process in the House of Commons by 16 May. Irwin (1989: 53), however, disagrees with the view that the increasing fear of a famine would have pushed Peel to repeal the Corn Laws. If Peel would have still been convinced of the necessity to protect agricultural production, a temporary suspension had been more sufficient. This contrasts with the argument that a suspension would have made an ultimate re-imposition not only highly risky at the possible cost of violent public controversy, but would also confess that an Irish famine was at least partly promoted by the Corn Laws (Gash 1961: 593-4 and Black 1960: 143). A temporary suspension would have lead to a de facto repeal. Though, an aspect which weakens the role of the beginning Irish famine, points at the grain prices, which were higher in the early part of the debate than they were when the Corn Laws were repealed (McKeown 1989: 356). The economic situation was economically not worse in Ireland in 1846 than during the years before. In addition to that, McKeown argues that the shift in political support in the House of Commons took place over four years. Peel lost faith in the Corn Laws even over a long period starting before 1841 (McLean 2001: 53-4). Furthermore, from a public choice perspective the shift â€Å"can hardly be reconciled with the degree of economic change in that four-year period especially since there was no general election in that period† (McLean: 355). . THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON POLICY MAKING The paradigm shift away from mercantilism in the intellectual history of free trade also played an important role: From the â€Å"eighteenth-century† rule onwards, which laid the path for the development of a theory of comparative advantage from 1815 on, by Torrens, Ricardo as well as James and John Stuart Mill, (Irwin 1996: 93) heavily influenced how politicians thought abou t the Corn Laws. John Stuart Mill argues that â€Å"if there were nothing in the whole process but a transfer; if whatever is lost by the consumer and by the capitalist were gains by the landlord; there might be robbery, but there would not be waste, there might be a worse distribution of the national wealth, but there would be no positive diminution of this aggregate wealth† (Mill 1814: 399ff cited in Irwin 1996: 93). Protectionist duties, instead, lead in any case to an absolute loss. According to Mill it would be even better to repeal the Corn Laws and to fully compensate the farmer for his loss caused by this policy. Moreover, all leading economists of the first half of the nineteenth century favoured free trade in their writings (Irwin 1996: 93). How these developments influenced Peel, the central figure in the repeal of the Corn Laws, in his view on the Corn Laws has been well described by Irwin (1989): first, although the Tories were the party which mainly represented landowners’ interests, they had a greater affinity with free trade than the Whigs (White 1968 cited in Irwin 1989: 43). The protection of agriculture was seen as an exception to the general rule of free trade and not as the status quo. Second, Peel did accept the principle of agricultural protection as an inheritance from his party in the 1820s and 1830s. This also becomes evident in his memoirs, in which he writes that he, in an early period in his public life, adopted â€Å"the opinions generally prevalent at the time among men of all parties, as to the justice and necessity of protection to domestic agriculture† (Peel et al. 1856 cited in Irwin 1989: 45). Third, Peel was inclined towards repeal long before 1846. In his speech on the 15th of March 1839, Peel, taking into account the worsening of the manufacturers’ economic situation, hinted at a possible repeal if no new evidence showing that the Corn Laws are consistent with the general interests of the country can be produced. In 1842, Peel proposed amendments to the original Corn Laws and acknowledged that unless given any new insights he would not oppose new amendments, even though he was the author of the new law (Irwin 1989: 46). All three of these aspects show that Peel’s attitude towards the Corn Laws has always been far from rigid. In all of his speeches, and later on in his memoirs, an increasingly critical evaluation of the Corn Laws became the norm. By the end of 1843 Gladstone noted that Peel mentioned â€Å"a strong opinion that the next change in the Corn Laws would be to total In early 1844, Cobden delivered a particularly cogent appeal in Parliament against the Corn Laws and, so the story goes, Peel crumpled up his notes for reply and turned to a minister next to him and said, â€Å"You must answer this, for I cannot. In early 1845, Cobden was of the opinion that Peel favored repeal and was just searching for a pretext to say so. Finally, Peel indicated to Prince Albert in late 1845 that he would have announced his new convictions before a general election in 1847 had not the Irish situation arisen giving him the opportunity to do so (Irwin 1989: 50-51). In late 1845, Peel’s decisio n to repeal the Corn Laws precipitated a deep split in the Cabinet. Since the Whigs failed to form a government, Peel resumed office in a dominant political position. In early 1846, Peel announced his plan for a three year phase out of the Corn Laws in conjunction with other tariff reductions† (Irwin 1989: 52). In general, Peel claimed it was the empirical relationship between wages and prices of taxed goods and not theoretical developments which indicated to him that the Corn Laws did vastly harm the labour force. On the other hand, what can be stated is that Peel was influenced, even in 1815, by the idea of free trade, making the debate about the form of the Corn Laws an empirical not an ideological matter. The progress in trade theory can go so far as to explain Peels openness towards evidence, leading to his proposal to finally repeal the Corn Laws. The increasing fear of an Irish famine explains the fact that he did not wait until 1847. 6. THE ROLE OF INTEREST GROUPS So far, though, the most obvious interest group in the context of the Corn Laws has not yet been considered: [The] well-defined and politically quite influential interest group [the landowners] who benefitted from duties on corn, while the costs of the duties were widely dispersed (McKeown 1989: 356). The question is, how far this interest group’s relative political power had declined. Many interpretations see this as a triumph of bourgeois, particularly manufacturing interests. The limitations of this theory, however, are obvious, since the large shift in House of Commons voting on the Corn Laws between 1842 and 1846 occurred in the absence of a general election, in a period of moderate economic growth, and with no obvious discontinuities in economic development (McKeown 1989: 358). According to McKeown (1989: 355) the only way that a policy change could have been explained lies in a changing price or quantity of output, degree of producer, consumer or geographic concentration, or in a shift in comparative advantage in the protected sector or in sectors that are strongly affected by the imposition of protection. However, this was not the case (McKeown 1989: 357-361). Another explanation could have been found in the (perceived) increasing pressure by the Anti-Corn Law League via a change in the organisational structure of the League. Yet, this remains doubtful since the most intense pressure from the League came in 1842-43, with the large public demonstrations, the bungled assassination attempt on Peel’s life, and a hostile verbal clash in Parliament with Cobden. As the economy recovered strength, social unrest subsided and the years after 1843 seem calm in comparison with the earlier tumultuous period (Irwin 1989: 52). The repeal of the Corn Laws occurred at a time when the Leagues influence was lower than during the years before (McKeown 1989: 359). When Members of Parliament are considered as an interest group itself, the votes of the anti-protection coalition of the Irish repealers and the Peelists is decisive. Both had their own reasons for supporting repeal and â€Å"neither had undergone any drastic change in economic circumstances in the few short years since the beginning of Peel’s ministry† (McKeown 1989: 378). Although Irwin (1989: 42) interprets the Peelites’ â€Å"personal allegiance† to Prime Minister Robert Peel as decisive, Aydelottes study suggests the potential loss of the Peelists’ posts in government office also played an important role (Aydelotte 1967: 47-60). In addition to these MP-interests McKeown (1989) shows that economic structure made a winning coalition feasible in 1846, since higher incomes, an increasing demand for meat and dairy products from cattle, as well as changing asset portfolios for the wealthy families of Britain, changed the pecuniary interests of MP’s. This assertion challenges the common historical assessment that Peels leadership was central to the successful repeal of the Corn Laws, since the pecuniary interests of MPs played an essential role, too. This restriction becomes even more evident when the dynamic character of interests is acknowledged. . AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT So far we considered only arguments pointing to shifts in the political and economic power of interest groups as well as explanations for their inherent logic in forming respective interests. Another important explanation points at the malleability or more generally speaking the dynamism of interests them selves. For example, landowners w ould be more likely to support trade liberalisation when their risk of doing so declined. Brawley (2006: 468) argues that Peel staked out a distinct third position besides repeal and protection, based on agriculture adjusting its production. According to Brawley this explains why the Peelists rejected Villiers’ motion, but still endorsed repeal in 1846. This view challenges those that portray repeal as a sacri? cial act on the part of the whole of the agrarian elite. Brawley’s argument (2006) contains three steps: first, he argues that â€Å"agriculture† was segmented into two different sectors, since factors were used differently for grain farming (land intensive, little input of labour and capital) and dairy farming (capital and labour intensive). Given these two conditions, grain farming should be in favour of protection, dairy farming should support repeal. This, however, is not covered by the data (Brawley 2006: 469-70). Schonhardt-Baily (1991) explains this by a diversification of landowners’ investments. They were willing to accept losses in agriculture because they were compensated by gains in industry. Second, Britain’s changed position in the international economy did not lead to a transformation towards capital- or labour-intensive production in agriculture, since a landholder wishing to convert from grain to dairy production was confronted by a series of obstacles (Kindleberger 1964: 247 cited in Brawley (2006: 472)). Third, the reduction of these barriers faced by improving landowners allowed them them to adjust to a potential repeal of the Corn Laws: total and immediate repeal, as proposed by the Anti-Corn Law League, did nothing to diminish the risks landowners faced. Peel’s package – graduated repeal, coupled with various forms of government assistance for agriculture – did (Brawley 2006: 472). Peel considered the problems of adjustment in the form of temporary continuance of protection to corn (Irwin 1989: 52). He ensured that capital would be available to farmers, helping them to shift their output to face foreign competition under free trade (Jenkins 1999, 130). Additionally, â€Å"farmers availed themselves of the loans fully. The government lent farmers ? 2 million based on acts passed in 1846 and 1850† (Williamson 2002: 144 cited in Brawley 2006: 480). With the help of the extended DMM model, Brawley shows that Peel’s new funds were essential for owners of entailed land if these landowners were to adjust their production, because without it they would not be able to generate the capital required. Additional policies facilitating high farming were also implemented: duties on maize and buckwheat or livestock feeds as well as grass and clover seeds were reduced. Infrastructural measures supporting market access and the improved health of the national economy and the government loans convinced some landowners that the adjustment to repeal was an opportunity rather than a threat. This can explain why the same MPs voted against Villiers’ motion for immediate and complete repeal, yet only weeks later voted for Peel’s gradual repeal. Since agricultural interests split in the mid-1840s due to the improved economic climate, this shift in interests can explain why Peel spoke out publicly for repeal in the mid-1840s, even though he previously appeared to favour it (Brawley 2006: 470, 480-1, 6). As elaborated in the last two sections, there is empirical as well as theoretical evidence that members of the legislature did not vote against their preferences. This contrasts with Mclean’s interpretation (2001) in so far as he models preferences as preferences based on political decisions. Yet, there is no reason why preferences should not include MP’s material interests as e. g. staying in office. This points at the conceptual weakness of a rational choice approach, where the difficulties as in applied game theory in general lie in the question of what preferences consist of. An historical explanation of rational choice easily becomes a tautological undertaking. 8. CONCLUSION This essay shows that both the theoretical influences such as free trade theory and the shift in interests of owners of entailed land from the mid-1840’s made repeal feasible in 1846. Additionally, the increasing fear of a new Irish Famine might be seen as a trigger for the exact point of repeal, since a new type of political rebellion against the Corn Laws can be recorded during the last months of this policy. However, the explanatory power of an increasing fear of a new Irish famine is limited in that a shift in the assessment of the Corn Laws had taken place long before the famine was on the horizon: on a parliamentary and a party as well as on a personal level. Peel as a person seems to have played a role in that he was open towards new evidence. Even if the reader might disagree with the impact attributed to theoretical development, Peel’s empirical approach is at least noticeably typical of the tradition of British Empiricism. In general, the common interpretation which associates repeal with a decline of the agrarian aristocracy can be moderated as it was rather the transformation and diversification of agricultural production which made a political majority for repeal feasible. The political power of manufacturers and labourers did not increase before and during the time of repeal. The explanatory power of a sectoral diversification of agriculture offers a striking example for the limits of a theory of hegemonic stability in particular and macroeconomic approaches explaining political change in general. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aydelotte, W. O. , 1967. The Country Gentlemen and the Repeal of the Corn Laws. The English Historical Review, 82(322), pp. 48–60. Brawley, M. R. , 2006. Agricultural Interests, Trade Adjustment and Repeal of the Corn Laws. , 8, pp. 467–488. Gash, N. , 1961. Mr. Secretary Peel; the life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. London: Longmans. Irwin, D. A. , 1996. Against the tide? : an intellectual history of free trade, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press. Irwin, D. A. , 1989. Political Economy and Peel’S Repeal of the Corn Laws. Economics and Politics, 1(1), pp. 41–59. Available at: http://doi. wiley. com/10. 1111/j. 1468-0343. 1989. tb00004. x. [Accessed December 10, 2012] Kindleberger, C. P. , 1964. Economic growth in France and Britain, 1851-1950. , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. Mckeown, T. J. , 1983. Hegemonic stability theory and 19th century tariff levels in Europe. International Organization, 37(1), pp. 73–91. McKeown, T. J. , 1989. The Politics of Corn Law Repeal and Theories of Commercial Policy. British Journal of Political Science, 19(3), pp. 353–380. McLean, I. , 2001. Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair, Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www. oxfordscholarship. com/view/10. 1093/0198295294. 001. 0001/acprof-9780198295297 [Accessed December 3, 2012]. Mill, J. S. , 1814. The Corn Laws. Westminster Review 3, pp. 394–420. Mitchel, J. , 1846. English Rule. The Nation Newspaper. Available at: http://www. irishnewsarchive. com. [Accessed December 10, 2012] Peel, R. , Stanhope, P. H. Cardwell, E. , 1856. Memoirs by the Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel, London: J. Murray. Schonhardt-Bailey, C. , 1991. Specific Factors, Capital Markets, Portfolio Diversification, and Free Trade: Domestic Determinants of the Repeal Domestic of the Corn Laws. World Politics, 43(4). Stewart, R. , 1971. The

Without Faith, There Can be no True Virtue

Introduction Religion is a concept that has been frequently used to denote the spiritual dominance and practices of Christians. It sets itself apart from the portrayal of worldly perceptions and knowledge. In fact, it is doubted whether those who do not embrace and worship ghost, divinity, or other spirits, and those who have the essential and natural vision on humanity should search for divine knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Without Faith, There Can be no True Virtue? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is always difficult to understand Christian teachings because understanding how God exists is also not easy. Based on biblical teachings, there are supernatural and natural beings. Understanding these characters is essential for spiritual nurturing. According to White and Cessario (2001), good religious studies and personal convictions are thus very necessary in nurturing spiritual faith. Considering t hese two concepts in our everyday undertakings is important in advancing the faith of an individual and groups. It is not possible to please the Almighty where there is no faith and gracious actions. In the bible, Enoch justified the act of faith and delighted God. Faith imparts life to the spirit of individuals and any spiritual task that is accomplished without faith generates transgression. Therefore, the Lord considers those who lack the faith to be lifeless in everything they do. In the bible, any faithless individual is compared to the adorned picture that is dull but depicts that object. Conversely, the spiritual believes that lack affection appears to be wonderful and is not absurd before man. Although the faithless responsibilities might be sparkling before human sights, they hardly pervade the everlasting life according to God. Such responsibilities are perceptive and obscure because they are of good quality and spirited effects, but are not predetermined according to bibl ical teachings. It is, therefore, imperative to base our knowledge on St Augustine’s teachings that there can be no virtue without faith. Being Righteous, Sinless and Gracious Faith is hardly acknowledged where there are no righteous virtues since it may not be instilled without gracious acts. Faith and grace are normally linked up to create real virtue. For one to be righteous, it is important to embrace and live a sinless life because this will lead to faith nourishment. In fact, gracious acts facilitate the faith we possess in Christ and help us to be accepted by God.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, in the bible, a robber who endured pain alongside Jesus had strong faith in Christ and believed in God. The gracious God later forgave the thug and cleansed him of his sins because he had faith (White and Cessario, 2001). Hence, the Bible teaches that spiri tual nourishment cannot lack life, but life can be without the nourishment of self-righteousness. Nobody who sins before God and fails to repent is righteous. As the Bible asserts, the Almighty may not be gracious or have mercy on such a sinful person. Being Virtuous and Having Faith in God According to the biblical teachings, man is obligated to have faith to nurture the good virtue in him. It is true that people who excel by executing their desired virtues have no everlasting life. Like the biblical burglar, he had no desirable qualities but repented before God and was granted time to live. Furthermore, the Bible teaches that God will not hear excuses and objections from any man who sins and waits to be forgiven after the time for repenting have elapsed. The Bible affirms that it is the only faith that will save everyone from the bondage of sin (Zschokke, 1830). However, salvation is going astray when we fail to acknowledge faith and dispense our lives to the virtues relating to b ad qualities. The Bible claims that no good feature in man can be available to an endless life that lacks faith. Thus, our work cannot justify our actions, but rather our faith may help us to acquire the desired and prospective virtues. The tendencies that are present in the course of good personal acts are human virtue. Faith represents the devotion itself, therefore we have fashioned and indistinct faith. A fashioned faith entails two things namely perfecting it and believing it. All these are the proceeds from intelligence confirmed by the authority of our will. However, indistinct faith is not a virtue and does not necessitate precision on the part of man’s willpower. Besides, the Bible teaches that temperament would not be a virtue if cautions were not there to coherently control and determine the power of man. Hence, all practices that possess values of excellent human accomplishments are virtues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Without Faith, The re Can be no True Virtue? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that any spiritual object pertaining to faith is beyond human explanations (Zschokke, 1830). God reveals these spiritual objects since they are outside the deliberation of God’s creatures. Not unless, you have sturdy faith to envy good virtues then God can reveal them to humanity. It is clear that God inculcates convention in people whose achievements are higher than their temperaments (St Thomas Aquinas, 2000). St Augustine Teachings on Faith According to St Augustine, there can be no good care held where faith is not present. One must not imagine that a man will possibly do some finer action without faith. Thus, we ought not to lay down the first-class mechanism before affection. Although men take these occupations as admirable honor, to God they are of no value and not acceptable. A faithless person is like a horse competing out of the system way and und ergoing an enormous work without any intention (St Thomas Aquinas, 2007). Consequently, if one had faith in God, he safeguards the virtue he has as an individual. It is for this reason that where there is no faith there is no excellent livelihood. Augustine saw that faith must control the intention of a man to have good qualities. Jesus Christ said that his entire body was darkness if his eyes were nothing. Here, the eyeball signified the intention as specified by Augustine. In fact, there is no smile if a man does something with godly intention. Such actions leave one without good grace in that there is a lack of affection when we are working in love. Measuring good virtues should not be by the facts themselves, but by the aim of the results for doing so (Aquinas, 2009). One may think he or she is implementing a proper virtue, yet it is an activity directly relating to a vice. It is not just before God for one to feed the hungry and dress the naked without having faith, respect, an d love for Him. Otherwise, this pleasing quality is unproductive, worthless, and dead in the face of the Lord. St Augustine demands that whether one fades or not, a faithless grace is nothing. The allegation is true in that faith does speak well about the work of God. Whereas we can fell to good virtues in building strong relations, we are hopeless without faith in Christ. Faith works well with charity. Therefore, it is important for an individual to have faith to set a stable foundation in God (St Thomas Aquinas, 2007). It is in faith where we pass all other virtues like righteousness, self-control, knowledge, and influence as Augustine reveals. Without faith, we only have the shadows and name of these good virtues, but not the commitment itself. Moreover, in the livelihood of those missing true faith, there is sin and waste. It relates to the author of integrity and the dishonest virtue that occurs where there is no faith in God even if the qualities of an individual are the best. Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In St Augustine’s statement, the pagans, Jews, and the heretics fed and dressed the poor. However, their work of good care was hopeless because they did it without faith. He compared them to a turtle who had found a nest for keeping her young birds so that they could not be lost. It was clear that if one had faith in God, he could protect the virtue he has individually. Similarly, the nest signifies the faith that protects the birds (Aquinas, 2009). Thus, we can also safeguard our loyalty through faith so that our rewards remain unbroken. Justification of Augustine’s Disputes by Other Saints The spirit of having good virtues where faith is absent was in dispute by St Augustine. St Ambrose justified that by explaining the ordinary strength of the character that survives the vices. One would beautify up the time of faithless life and achieve the impossible virtues. He challenged that without faith no respect to the true God. As a result, any person is inevitable to confu se a virtue for a vice (Saint Thomas Aquinas, n.d). St Chrysostom John wrote that many of the descendants lacking faith in them are not in the group of Christ. They may prosper in good works of kindness, have fairness, and always come out in care and sympathy, yet their work yield no fruit because they lack faith. He linked this to the story where the Jews asked Jesus concerning what they should do to be righteous. All he did was to call for faith in the work of the Lord. One should believe, and immediate faith becomes complete in him. Through this, he shall thrive in good virtues in that not anything is excellent without faith. St Chrysostom in the same way insisted that one is lifeless when he excels and shines in good works without God’s faith (St Thomas Aquinas, 2007). It further shows having the valuable and godly burial place whilst attaining nothing from them. Conclusion In general, one should have a strong faith to have the pleasing virtues. The moral standards result ing from good features are linked with one another. Moreover, it is not normal for the open principles like grace, love, and faith to come to mind without charity. Compassionate faith cannot keep on living without moral virtues. The inquiry about charity, hopefulness, and sincerity direct us to the conclusion that there can be no charity without hope and faith. If one has faith in God, he preserves the good virtue he has in character. Therefore, without faith, we only have the shades and names of these good virtues, but not the commitment. It is the only faith that will save everyone from the oppression of sin. Salvation is going lost when we take no notice of faith and give out our lives to the virtues relating to bad qualities. Thus, faith is essential for true virtue in all spiritual aspects. Reference List Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica: Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Alabama: Mobile Reference Press, 2009. St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica Complet e. Cairo: Library of Alexandria, n.d. St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica: Second Section. New York: Cosimo, Inc., 2007. St. Thomas Aquinas. The Summa Theologica. Raleigh: Hayes Barton Press, 2000. White, Kevin, and Romanus Cessario. On the Virtues. Washington: CUA Press, 2001. Zschokke, Johann. Hours of Devotion for the Promotion of True Christianity and Family Worship. London: Oxford University, 1830. This essay on Without Faith, There Can be no True Virtue? was written and submitted by user Blake Velasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kafka`s Hunger Artist Essays - Fiction, Literature, Asceticism

Kafka`s Hunger Artist I will try to demonstrate what the public's reaction was to the angel in " The very old man with Enormous wings " and Kafka's " Hunger Artist " from what the authors wrote in the stories and the characters point of view. I will also try illustrate how the public has more of a meaning in both stories. In " A very old man with Enormous Wings " the public goes to see the old man because they wanted to see what he was. The owner's of the house where the old man was at, thought that he was a lonely castaway from some foreign ship wrecked by the storm. They thought this because they spoke to him and he answered in a incomprehensible dialect with a strong sailor's voice. The public tossed him things to eat as if he weren't a supernatural creature but a circus animal. When Father Gonzaga went to see the old man there was less frivolous onlookers than those who had arrived earlier. The simplest among them thought that he should be named mayor of the world. Others of sterner mind felt that he should be promoted to the rank of five-star general in order to win all wars. There were other people that hoped he would be put to reproduce, so there would be a race of winged wise man who could take charge of the universe. Father Gonzaga suspected that he was an impostor because he did not understand the language of God and did not know how to greet his minister. He did not think that the old man was an angel, he instead felt that it could of been a trick of the devil. Curious people came from far away because they thought that he could cure them and change their misfortunes. During all this time, the old man was the only one who did not take part in his own act. During those days a carnival attraction arrived with a woman who had been changed to a spider. The old man's reputation was already ruined by this time. After this people stopped going to see the old man. Months had past when the old man got new wings and just flew away. I think that the angel in " The very old man with Enormous wings " might have actually stayed. He left because no one treated him right. They did not believe in him just because he did not give them what they wanted, so they did not have faith in him. The public could of just believe in him and treated him well maybe he would have gotten well and then he would have gaven them what they wanted. In the "hunger Artist ", the artist wanted the public to appreciate his fasting abilities by watching him and giving him fame. We know this by the following passage; " Why stop fasting... ?, ... why should he be cheated of the fame he would get for lasting longer. " Professional fasting had diminished remarkably the last decade. For elders he was often a joke, while for children he was a special treat. There were different kinds of watchers that watched the artist. There were groups of watchers who would huddle to together in a corner to play cards. They intended to give the artist Some space, because they thought he would appreciate to be alone. He did not, instead it made him miserable and made his fast seem unendurable. Then there are the watchers more to his taste. The watchers that would sit close up to the bars because they were not content with the dim night lighting on the hall. The artist would not sleep, he was happy at spending sleepless nights with such watchers. People began to get uninterested in watching the " Hunger Artist " because no one could produce evidence that the fast had really been continuos; only the artist knew that, therefore he was his only satisfied spectator of his own fast. Years past and still no one took his trouble seriously. People felt that his depression was do to the fasting. They also felt that fasting made him react with an outburst of fury; he would shake the bars of his cage like a wild animal. More years past, suddenly the hunger artist found himself deserted by the amusement seekers and by this he died. In the " Hunger Artist " the public could not have just been content in knowing

Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill

Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill Nine months after Sir Winston Churchill failed to be reelected as Britains Prime Minister, Churchill traveled by train with President Harry Truman to make a speech. On March 5, 1946, at the request of Westminster College in the small Missouri town of Fulton (population of 7,000), Churchill gave his now famous Iron Curtain speech to a crowd of 40,000. In addition to accepting an honorary degree from the college, Churchill made one of his most famous post-war speeches. In this speech, Churchill gave the very descriptive phrase that surprised the United States and Britain, From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Before this speech, the U.S. and Britain had been concerned with their own post-war economies and had remained extremely grateful for the Soviet Unions proactive role in ending World War II. It was Churchills speech, which he titled The Sinews of Peace, that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Though many people believe that Churchill coined the phrase the iron curtain during this speech, the term had actually been used for decades (including in several earlier letters from Churchill to Truman). Churchills use of the phrase gave it wider circulation and made the phrase popularly recognized as the division of Europe into East and West. Many people consider Churchills iron curtain speech the beginning of the Cold War. Below is Churchills The Sinews of Peace speech, also commonly referred to as the Iron Curtain speech, in its entirety. The Sinews of Peace by Winston Churchill I am glad to come to Westminster College this afternoon, and am complimented that you should give me a degree. The name Westminster is somehow familiar to me. I seem to have heard of it before. Indeed, it was at Westminster that I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and one or two other things. In fact we have both been educated at the same, or similar, or, at any rate, kindred establishments. It is also an honour, perhaps almost unique, for a private visitor to be introduced to an academic audience by the President of the United States. Amid his heavy burdens, duties, and responsibilities- unsought but not recoiled from- the President has travelled a thousand miles to dignify and magnify our meeting here to-day and to give me an opportunity of addressing this kindred nation, as well as my own countrymen across the ocean, and perhaps some other countries too. The President has told you that it is his wish, as I am sure it is yours, that I should have full liberty to give my true and faithful counsel in these anxious and baffling times. I shall certainly avail myself of this freedom, and feel the more right to do so because any private ambitions I may have cherished in my younger days have been satisfied beyond my wildest dreams. Let me, however, make it clear that I have no official mission or status of any kind, and that I speak only for myself. There is nothing here but what you see. I can therefore allow my mind, with the experience of a lifetime, to play over the problems which beset us on the morrow of our absolute victory in arms, and to try to make sure with what strength I have that what has been gained with so much sacrifice and suffering shall be preserved for the future glory and safety of mankind. The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. If you look around you, you must feel not only the sense of duty done but also you must feel anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement. Opportunity is here now, clear and shining for both our countries. To reject it or ignore it or fritter it away will bring upon us all the long reproaches of the after-time. It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall guide and rule the conduct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement. When American military men approach some serious situation they are wont to write at the head of their directive the words over-all strategic concept. There is wisdom in this, as it leads to clarity of thought. What then is the over-all strategic concept which we should inscribe today? It is nothing less than the safety and welfare, the freedom and progress, of all the homes and families of all the men and women in all the lands. And here I speak particularly of the myriad cottage or apartment homes where the wage-earner strives amid the accidents and difficulties of life to guard his wife and children from privation and bring the family up in the fear of the Lord, or upon ethical conceptions which often play their potent part. To give security to these countless homes, they must be shielded from the two giant marauders, war and tyranny. We all know the frightful disturbances in which the ordinary family is plunged when the curse of war swoops down upon the bread-winner and those for whom he works and contrives. The awful ruin of Europe, with all its vanished glories, and of large parts of Asia glares us in the eyes. When the designs of wicked men or the aggressive urge of mighty States dissolve over large areas the frame of civilised society, humble folk are confronted with difficulties with which they cannot cope. For them all is distorted, all is broken, even ground to pulp. When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualise what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this period when famine stalks the earth. None can compute what has been called the unestimated sum of human pain. Our supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war. We are all agreed on that. Our American military colleagues, after having proclaimed their over-all strategic concept and computed available resources, always proceed to the next step- namely, the method. Here again there is widespread agreement. A world organisation has already been erected for the prime purpose of preventing war, UNO, the successor of the League of Nations, with the decisive addition of the United States and all that that means, is already at work. We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham, that it is a force for action, and not merely a frothing of words, that it is a true temple of peace in which the shields of many nations can some day be hung up, and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel. Before we cast away the solid assurances of national armaments for self-preservation we must be certain that our temple is built, not upon shifting sands or quagmires, but upon the rock. Anyone can see with his eyes open that our path will be difficult and also long, but if we persevere together as we did in the two world wars- though not, alas, in the interval between them- I cannot doubt that we shall achieve our common purpose in the end. I have, however, a definite and practical proposal to make for action. Courts and magistrates may be set up but they cannot function without sheriffs and constables. The United Nations Organisation must immediately begin to be equipped with an international armed force. In such a matter we can only go step by step, but we must begin now. I propose that each of the Powers and States should be invited to delegate a certain number of air squadrons to the service of the world organisation. These squadrons would be trained and prepared in their own countries, but would move around in rotation from one country to another. They would wear the uniform of their own countries but with different badges. They would not be required to act against their own nation, but in other respects they would be directed by the world organisation. This might be started on a modest scale and would grow as confidence grew. I wished to see this done after the first world war, and I devoutly trust it may be done forthwith. It would nevertheless be wrong and imprudent to entrust the secret knowledge or experience of the atomic bomb, which the United States, Great Britain, and Canada now share, to the world organisation, while it is still in its infancy. It would be criminal madness to cast it adrift in this still agitated and un-united world. No one in any country has slept less well in their beds because this knowledge and the method and the raw materials to apply it, are at present largely retained in American hands. I do not believe we should all have slept so soundly had the positions been reversed and if some Communist or neo-Fascist State monopolised for the time being these dread agencies. The fear of them alone might easily have been used to enforce totalitarian systems upon the free democratic world, with consequences appalling to human imagination. God has willed that this shall not be and we have at least a breathing space to set our house in order before this peril has to be encountered: and even then, if no effort is spared, we should still possess so formidable a superiority as to impose effective deterrents upon its employment, or threat of employment, by others. Ultimately, when the essential brotherhood of man is truly embodied and expressed in a world organisation with all the necessary practical safeguards to make it effective, these powers would naturally be confided to that world organisation. Now I come to the second danger of these two marauders which threatens the cottage, the home, and the ordinary people- namely, tyranny. We cannot be blind to the fact that the liberties enjoyed by individual citizens throughout the British Empire are not valid in a considerable number of countries, some of which are very powerful. In these States control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of all-embracing police governments. The power of the State is exercised without restraint, either by dictators or by compact oligarchies operating through a privileged party and a political police. It is not our duty at this time when difficulties are so numerous to interfere forcibly in the internal affairs of countries which we have not conquered in war. But we must never cease to proclaim in fearless tones the great principles of freedom and the rights of man which are the joint inheritance of the English-speaking world and which through Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Habe as Corpus, trial by jury, and the English common law find their most famous expression in the American Declaration of Independence. All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practise- let us practise what we preach. I have now stated the two great dangers which menace the homes of the people: War and Tyranny. I have not yet spoken of poverty and privation which are in many cases the prevailing anxiety. But if the dangers of war and tyranny are removed, there is no doubt that science and co-operation can bring in the next few years to the world, certainly in the next few decades newly taught in the sharpening school of war, an expansion of material well-being beyond anything that has yet occurred in human experience. Now, at this sad and breathless moment, we are plunged in the hunger and distress which are the aftermath of our stupendous struggle; but this will pass and may pass quickly, and there is no reason except human folly of sub-human crime which should deny to all the nations the inauguration and enjoyment of an age of plenty. I have often used words which I learned fifty years ago from a great Irish-American orator, a friend of mine, Mr. Bourke Cockran. There is enough for all. The eart h is a generous mother; she will provide in plentiful abundance food for all her children if they will but cultivate her soil in justice and in peace. So far I feel that we are in full agreement. Now, while still pursuing the method of realising our overall strategic concept, I come to the crux of what I have travelled here to say. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States. This is no time for generalities, and I will venture to be precise. Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of society, but the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers, the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges. It should carry with it the continuance of the present facilities for mutual security by the joint use of all Naval a nd Air Force bases in the possession of either country all over the world. This would perhaps double the mobility of the American Navy and Air Force. It would greatly expand that of the British Empire Forces and it might well lead, if and as the world calms down, to important financial savings. Already we use together a large number of islands; more may well be entrusted to our joint care in the near future. The United States has already a Permanent Defence Agreement with the Dominion of Canada, which is so devotedly attached to the British Commonwealth and Empire. This Agreement is more effective than many of those which have often been made under formal alliances. This principle should be extended to all British Commonwealths with full reciprocity. Thus, whatever happens, and thus only, shall we be secure ourselves and able to work together for the high and simple causes that are dear to us and bode no ill to any. Eventually there may come- I feel eventually there will come- the principle of common citizenship, but that we may be content to leave to destiny, whose outstretched arm many of us can already clearly see. There is however an important question we must ask ourselves. Would a special relationship between the United States and the British Commonwealth be inconsistent with our over-riding loyalties to the World Organisation? I reply that, on the contrary, it is probably the only means by which that organisation will achieve its full stature and strength. There are already the special United States relations with Canada which I have just mentioned, and there are the special relations between the United States and the South American Republics. We British have our twenty years Treaty of Collaboration and Mutual Assistance with Soviet Russia. I agree with Mr. Bevin, the Foreign Secretary of Great Britain, that it might well be a fifty years Treaty so far as we are concerned. We aim at nothing but mutual assistance and collaboration. The British have an alliance with Portugal unbroken since 1384, and which produced fruitful results at critical moments in the late war. None of these clash with the general interest of a world agreement, or a world organisation; on the contrary they help it. In my fathers house are many mansions. Special associations between members of the United Nations which have no aggressive point against any other country, which harbour no design incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations, far from being harmful, are beneficial and, as I believe, indispensable. I spoke earlier of the Temple of Peace. Workmen from all countries must build that temple. If two of the workmen know each other particularly well and are old friends, if their families are inter-mingled, and if they have faith in each others purpose, hope in each others future and charity towards each others shortcomings- to quote some good words I read here the other day- why cannot they work together at the common task as friends and partners? Why cannot they share their tools and thus increase each others working powers? Indeed they must do so or else the temple may not be built, or, being built, it may collapse, and we shall all be proved again unteachable and have to go and try to learn again for a third time in a school of war, incomparably more rigorous than that from which we have just been released. The dark ages may return, the Stone Age may return on the gleaming wings of science, and what might now shower immeasurable material blessings upon mankind, may even bring about its total destruction. Beware, I say; time may be short. Do not let us take the course of allowing events to drift along until it is too late. If there is to be a fraternal association of the kind I have described, with all the extra strength and security which both our countries can derive from it, let us make sure that that great fact is known to the world, and that it plays its part in steadying and stabilising the foundations of peace. There is the path of wisdom. Prevention is better than cure. A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organisation intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytising tendencies. I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain- and I doubt not here also- towards the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. We understand the Russian need to be secure on her western frontiers by the removal of all possibility of German aggression. We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. Above all, we welcome constant, frequent and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my duty how ever, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone- Greece with its immortal glories- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence an d power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy. Turkey and Persia are both profoundly alarmed and disturbed at the claims which are being made upon them and at the pressure being exerted by the Moscow Government. An attempt is being made by the Russians in Berlin to build up a quasi-Communist party in their zone of Occupied Germany by showing special favours to groups of left-wing German leaders. At the end of the fighting last June, the American and British Armies withdrew westwards, in accordance with an earlier agreement, to a depth at some points of 150 miles upon a front of nearly four hundred miles, in order to allow our Russian allies to occupy this vast expanse of territory which the Western Democracies had conquered. If now the Soviet Government tries, by separate action, to build up a pro-Communist Germany in their areas, this will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones, and will give the defeated Germans the power of putting themselves up to auction between the Soviets and the Western Democracies. Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts- and facts they are- this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace. The safety of the world requires a new unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung. Twice in our own lifetime we have seen the United States, against their wishes and their traditions, against arguments, the force of which it is impossible not to comprehend, drawn by irresistible forces, into these wars in time to secure the victory of the good cause, but only after frightful slaughter and devastation had occurred. Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men across the Atlantic to find the war; but now war can find any nation, wherever it may dwell between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe, within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with its Charter. That I feel is an open cause of policy of very great impor tance. In front of the iron curtain which lies across Europe are other causes for anxiety. In Italy the Communist Party is seriously hampered by having to support the Communist-trained Marshal Titos claims to former Italian territory at the head of the Adriatic. Nevertheless the future of Italy hangs in the balance. Again one cannot imagine a regenerated Europe without a strong France. All my public life I have worked for a strong France and I never lost faith in her destiny, even in the darkest hours. I will not lose faith now. However, in a great number of countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world, Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist centre. Except in the British Commonwealth and in the United States where Communism is in its infancy, the Communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilisation. These are sombre facts for anyone to have to recite on the morrow of a victory gained by so much splendid comradeship in arms and in the cause of freedom and democracy; but we should be most unwise not to face them squarely while time remains. The outlook is also anxious in the Far East and especially in Manchuria. The Agreement which was made at Yalta, to which I was a party, was extremely favourable to Soviet Russia, but it was made at a time when no one could say that the German war might not extend all through the summer and autumn of 1945 and when the Japanese war was expected to last for a further 18 months from the end of the German war. In this country you are all so well-informed about the Far East, and such devoted friends of China, that I do not need to expatiate on the situation there. I have felt bound to portray the shadow which, alike in the west and in the east, falls upon the world. I was a high minister at the time of the Versailles Treaty and a close friend of Mr. Lloyd-George, who was the head of the British delegation at Versailles. I did not myself agree with many things that were done, but I have a very strong impression in my mind of that situation, and I find it painful to contrast it with that which prevails now. In those days there were high hopes and unbounded confidence that the wars were over, and that the League of Nations would become all-powerful. I do not see or feel that same confidence or even the same hopes in the haggard world at the present time. On the other hand I repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable; still more that it is imminent. It is because I am sure that our fortunes are still in our own hands and that we hold the power to save the future, that I feel the duty to speak out now that I have the occasion and the opportunity to do so. I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines. But what we have to consider here to-day while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of appeasement. What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become. From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. We cannot afford, if we can help it, to work on narrow margins, offering temptations to a trial of strength. If the Western Democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter, their influence for furthering those principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If however they become divided or falter in their duty and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all. Last time I saw it all coming and cried aloud to my own fellow-countrymen and to the world, but no one paid any attention. Up till the year 1933 or even 1935, Germany might have been saved from the awful fate which has overtaken her and we might all have been spared the miseries Hitler let loose upon mankind. There never was a war in all history easier to prevent by timely action than the one which has just desolated such great areas of the globe. It could have been prevented in my belief without the firing of a single shot, and Germany might be powerful, prosperous and honoured to-day; but no one would listen and one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool. We surely must not let that happen again. This can only be achieved by reaching now, in 1946, a good understanding on all points with Russia under the general authority of the United Nations Organisation and by the maintenance of that good understanding through many peaceful years, by the world instrument, supported by the whole strength of the English-speaking world and all its connections. There is the solution which I respectfully offer to you in this Address to which I have given the title The Sinews of Peace. Let no man underrate the abiding power of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Because you see the 46 millions in our island harassed about their food supply, of which they only grow one half, even in war-time, or because we have difficulty in restarting our industries and export trade after six years of passionate war effort, do not suppose that we shall not come through these dark years of privation as we have come through the glorious years of agony, or that half a century from now, you will not see 70 or 80 millions of Britons spread about the world and united in defence of our traditions, our way of life, and of the world causes which you and we espouse. If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealths be added to that of the United States with all that such co-operation implies in the air, on the sea, all over the globe and in science and in industry, and in moral force, there will be no quivering, precarious balance of power to offer its temptation to ambition or advent ure. On the contrary, there will be an overwhelming assurance of security. If we adhere faithfully to the Charter of the United Nations and walk forward in sedate and sober strength seeking no ones land or treasure, seeking to lay no arbitrary control upon the thoughts of men; if all British moral and material forces and convictions are joined with your own in fraternal association, the high-roads of the future will be clear, not only for us but for all, not only for our time, but for a century to come. * The text of Sir Winston Churchills The Sinews of Peace speech is quoted in its entirety from Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897-1963 Volume VII: 1943-1949 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1974) 7285-7293.

Legalizing same Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Legalizing same Sex Marriage - Essay Example One of the biggest fight in America, is the fight for equality. In the fifties and sixties, black Americans fought for equal rights, and this was one of the longest and most publicized fight since the abolishment of slavery. Today there is a new, tempestuous issue on the horizon— the legalizing same sex marriage. Before defending the rights of same sex marriage, certain questions must be answered: are gays American citizen; are they humans; and do they pay taxes? The answer to these questions is yes. Then why are they not given equal treatment as other American citizens? Simple, a marriage is the union between a male and a female. And gay are given equal rights. They have all the right of any American citizen, and as soon as they fit the criteria for marriage they will be pronounced married. The debate over whether the state ought to recognize gay marriages has thus far focused on the issue as one of civil rights. Such a treatment is erroneous because state recognition of marriage is not a universal right. States regulate marriage in many ways besides denying men the right to marry men, and women the right to marry women. Roughly half of all states prohibit first cousins from marrying, and all prohibit marriage of closer blood relatives, ...In all states, it is illegal to attempt to marry more than one person, or even to pass off more than one person as one’s spouse. Some states restrict the marriage of people suffering from syphilis or other venereal diseases. Homosexuals, therefore, are not the only people to be denied the right to marry the person of their choosing (5). Apparently Mr. Kolasinski is not the one one who agrees that gays already has all the right that each American citizen has. Eddie Thompson at AD authorden.com agrees to, he says: First, gay and lesbians already possess rights equally protected under the law. They have the exact rights that I have today. They can marry a member of the opposite sex if they so choose, just like I have done. I can't marry a member of my own sex, even if I wanted to. So, we have the exact same rights. What is being suggested by the gay agenda is not "equal rights" but "extra rights." They want to be allowed to reap the benefits of marriage without actually marrying in its traditional sense. There are many wonderful people who choose to remain single for myriad reasons, and these people are not clamoring for the rights granted to couples who marry. Why should those who refuse traditional marriage be granted such rights simply because they prefer sex with someone whose anatomy r esembles their own? In fact, most of the so-called â€Å"rights† married couples have can be obtained through a lawyer’s legal maneuvers. Documents of the United States constitution, Declaration of Independe nt, and the Bill of Rights are testimonies of the freedom enjoy by Americans. Unfortunately, our founding fathers were unaware that they neglected to enact another document, the Bill of Rights for same sex marriage. Had they not been negligence, the new Bill would read thus: The constitution of the United States of America do apologize to the American people for the travesty it is about to commit on the sanctity of marriage. The people of the United States of America must now recognize the union of pf two men or two women, and give it the distinguish name of marriage. The same privilege given to a man and a woman who form a union will now be given to marriages of same sex. A man and a man, or a woman and a woman who chooses to love each other and decides to consummate that love through marriage will be given a legal document testifying to that fact. If such parties choose to, they are allowed to raise

International trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International trade - Research Paper Example A market analysis is conducted upon Saudi Arabia to measure the political, economical, social factors which might influence the marketing strategy of Manuka Health. After careful investigation, the company plans to enter the Saudi Arabia market with the help of franchising strategy, as the franchising strategy is one of the most used modes of international expansion being more flexible in operation. Manuka Honey will promote its product through trade shows, store location and through the media, mainly print media and television. After the company has marked its presence it is going to further expand into other cities of Saudi Arabia and, finally, plans to expand globally. Company Overview Manuka Health is a pioneer in the development of innovative and natural products by utilising the unique properties of bioactive compounds which are found in New Zealand. The company works with research centres based in the USA, UK, Australia, Germany, Japan and New Zealand, which helps to reveal th e efficacy of the company’s product. Manuka Honey is dedicated to manufacture, as well as marketing of a quality range of innovative natural healthcare products in order to improve the health and the quality of life of people across the globe. Manuka believes in nature and science, as its tagline says â€Å"Given by nature. ... The company has set a standard and all the honey needs to meet a certain level of quality and safety in order to ensure that the level of bioactive compounds is maintained well. Manuka Health operation is certified for using organic in the process of organic honey; it is raw but at the same time no added chemicals are being used during the process and hot water is used to clean the plants. Manuka Health is committed to utilize the most sustainable business practice, through which it is possible to minimize the impact on the environment (Manuka Health). Manuka health comprises of various products and categories which are stated below: Manuka Honey and its products comprise of MGO 550+, 400+, 250+, 100+ and 30+ Manuka Honey; BIO30 New Zealand Propolis: product consists of tablets, capsules, liquid and Tincture. Functional Food: Manuka Honey and Green Tea, honey with green tea extract, with Bee Venom, Manuka Honey and Activaloe gel and fresh royal jelly. Bioactive supplement: Bee Pollen Capsules and Granules, MGO 400+ Manuka Honey and Colostrum, green lipped mussel oil, and Royal jelly Capsules. Winter Wellness: Manuka honey kids Syrup, Honey syrup, Propolis and Manuka Honey throat spray, BIO 30 New Zealand Propolis peppermint Suckles, Honey suckles and Lemon Suckles. Personal care: Soap, body lotion, hand and nail cream, lip balm, toothpaste and Manuka oil and with tea tree oil. New Zealand Gourmet: Honey, Shortbread, Tawari honey, Wild Flower Honey, Southern Clover Honey, kamahi Honey, Rewarewa Honey and honey blend. Wound Care: wound dressing, wound gel and breast pads with Manuka Honey (Manuka Health, 2012). SWOT Analysis Strengths Extensive range of natural New Zealand origin products: MGOâ„ ¢ Manuka Honey, Propolis, Royal Jelly, Bee

Homosexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homosexuality - Research Paper Example Homosexuals emphasize that their sexual inclination towards the same gender is a result of their nature. They say that they did not choose to be gay, they were born gays! In fact, this is only a fake argument. There is no truth in it. Homosexuality is just as much a matter of choice as is the matter of choice of clothes, school or friends. There is no doubt in the fact that human nature is attracted towards evil things. Porn attracts even the most pious of humans because it is human nature, though not everybody watches it. It is our own decisions that depict what we our irrespective of our sexual inclination. Many straight people may feel attracted towards people from the same gender sexually at some points in their life. Likewise, many homosexuals feel sexually attracted towards people from opposite gender at some points in their life. It so happens with everybody and is quite normal to happen, but this does not depict if an individual is a gay or not, unless the individual chooses to resolve that he/she is a gay. The validity of this argument can be estimated from the fact that homosexuality is strictly forbidden in nearly all the religions. If one was destined to be a gay, one would not be punished for indulging in homosexual practices. But that is not the case. The Holy Books clearly mention the punishment for homosexuals as will be discussed shortly. Homosexuality may, in part, be an outcome of the nurture. Adopted children growing up in gay families in gay marriages may not consider homosexuality wrong, since they have been seeing their so-called parents cohabit since the very early years of life. Their cognitive development approves of the relationship of their so-called parents, and they develop the tendency to be homosexual as well, but again, it is a matter of choice! The religious perspective: Homosexuality is considered a sin in many religions including Islam, Christianity, and Jewism, though it has always been there. In Quran, that is the Holy Book of Islam, there is the discussion of the people of Lut, who was the messenger of God. A vast majority of the people of Lut were gays. The men did sex with men. Women were not taken interest in. God sent Lut to those people so as to advise them to leave homosexuality and obey God. But the people refused to follow the word of God. Owing to their disobedience, they were punished by God. The people of Lut rejected (his) warning. We sent against them a violent Tornado with showers of stones, (which destroyed them), except Lut's household: them We delivered by early Dawn,-   As a Grace from Us: thus do We reward those who give th anks. And (Lut) did warn them of Our Punishment, but they disputed about the Warning.  (Surat al-Qamar:, 33-36 cited in Anon, n.d.). Homosexuality is a heinous crime in many religions like Islam, and the religions dictate severe punishments for those who indulge in homosexuality both in this world and in the world hereafter. God made man and woman two separate genders purposefully. Their bodies have been designed in a way that the two can produce children. Two people belonging to the same gender can not produce children. This essentially tells that homosexuality is against the law of nature. Homosexuality: A social taboo: Despite the advancement and modernity of societies in the present age, homosexuality is still considered as a social taboo even in countries where gay rights have

Health Care Ethical Legal Conflict: Case Study

Health Care Ethical Legal Conflict: Case Study Table of Contents (jump to) Introduction Choices in front of doctors Futuristic impact of the decisions in such situations Guidelines and code of conducts in medico-ethical conflicts Principals followed for such cases Implementation of guidelines and principals in current case Conclusion References 1. Introduction In the present case study there is an ethico-legal arise when doctors have to perform treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by which Mr. Con is suffering but his son (who has the authority to decide on behalf of Mr. Con) is adamant on no treatment for COPD. An ethical concern is a condition or crisis that calls for an individual to choose among two alternatives. It is very important that the present day medical physicians have continuing ethico-legal education (Preston-Shoot, McKimm, Kong, Smith, 2011). Ethics is believed a standard of conduct and an idea of right and wrong beyond what the lawful consideration is in any particular situation. Moral assessments serve as a basis for ethical manner. Doctors have a legal responsibility to obey with the appropriate ethical and legal guidelines in their routine practice. Ignorance of regulation and its insinuations will be detrimental to the physician even though he takes care of the patient in good belief for the mitig ation of the patients pain. In the present case study we are discussing the case of Mr. Con, who was suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and now in condition that he cannot make his own decision. His son is representing his case about whether Mr. Con should give treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or not. The whole discussion in this essay will be based on this kind of ethico-legal issue. 2. Choices in front of doctors In this case doctors do not have any choice other than legal option because all acts that are done in fine spirit may not stand legal testing. There are various ethical legal issues which can come forward if doctors refuse to consider the decision of Mr. Con’s son and treatment the COPD. As Mr. Con is suffering from multiple ailments so there are less chances that Mr. Con will survive. According to present condition, doctors can be framed for unauthorized treatment, and if proved then for murder also. With the rising figure of cases filed by hurt patients looking for legal remedy from physicians and medical organizations, it is no longer a subject of choice, but a context-driven lawful consent and requirement for the physicians to be acquainted with essential legal concerns involved in health practice. Professionalism is a subjective idea that refers to doctor performance in the place of work and within his area, and how it makes other public look at you (Doyal, 1999). Some actions that doctors would take in condition of Mr. Con can be ethical in the view of one group of experts might make look puny in the views of others. Considering the lawful and ethical consequences of doctor conduct will help to make a decision what heights of professionalism we want to uphold in different circumstances (Rogers Ballantyne, 2010). Medical ethics is a very important part of health practice, and following ethical rules is a vital part of your occupation. Ethics deals with common principles of correct and incorrect, as opposed to obligations of law. A professional is anticipated to act in ways that reveal society’s thoughts of right and wrong, even if such conduct is not imposed by law. Often, though, the law is based on ethical concerns. In the present case physicians should think to treat Mr. Con for COPD despite of consent of his son. Practicing suitable professional ethics has an optimistic impact on your repute and the accomplishment of your employer’s trade (Preston Shoot McKimm, 2011). Many medical associations, therefore, have generated guidelines for the adequate and preferred modes and behaviors, or decorum, of medical assistants and doctors. The codes of medical ethics have expanded over time. The Hippocratic pledge, in which medical scholars pledge to perform medicine morally, was developed in olden Greece. It is still used these days and is one of the bases of contemporary medical ethics. The Code of Ethics of the American association of medical assistants (AAMA) shall set 4th principles of ethical and moral manner as they relate to the health profession and the specific practice of medical supporting (Iqbal Hooper, 2013). 3. Guidelines and code of conducts in medico-ethical conflicts There are various guidelines which doctors should follow in the case similar to the present case of Mr. Con. The doctors must cautiously follow every state and federal practice rules and regulations while performing this treatment. They must follow the Code of Ethics for medical subordinates. It is an important part of their duty to avoid misconduct claim—court case by the Mr. Con’s son in opposition to the doctor for mistakes in cure. To perform efficiently as a medical subordinate, the doctor must pursue all OSHA guidelines for safety, risky equipment, and poisonous substances (Knight, Sleeth, Larson, Pahler, 2013). The place of treatment should meet quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) principles for all examinations, samples, and treatments. It is his accountability to follow HIPAA rules, to make sure Mr. Con confidentiality and privacy of his evidences, to entirely document patient management, and to maintain patient proofs in an arranged and readily available manner (Anthony, Appari, Johnson, 2014). In the present case of Mr. Con, physician should follow the risk management which can be described as a technique of reducing possibility of liability during institutional practices. 4. Principals followed for such cases If Mr. Con is able of providing knowledgeable consent, then his choice about cure, including non-treatment, should be considered. This is a customary plus enforceable legal standard and reliable with the ethical code of respecting the sovereignty of the patient.But in the present case, situation is totally different. Ethical methods work in a comparable mode to ethical codes, the exploit of which has obtained much consideration in recent times. There are significant limitations to the standards approach to ethics which relate evenly to ethical codes. The hypothesis is most remarkably described based on 4 codes: sovereignty, non-malfeasance, beneficence, and impartiality (Mason, Laurie, Smith, 2013). These principles are observed as one of 4 tiers in a ladder of levels of study necessary for ethical rationalization. At the 1st tier there are meticulous decisions which are necessary at the 2nd level by moral laws. These in turn are necessary at the 3rd level by principles, and codes a re lastly justified at the 4th level by more inclusive ethical hypothesis. Both, the method and applicability of principles have been tested, as well as protected as a regular structure for biomedical ethics. On the other hand, even their strongest enthusiasts do not see standards as a total or self-standing connotes of establishing moral practice. Beauchamp Childress clarify that: Principles direct us to acts, but we still require assessing a condition and formulating a suitable reply, and this evaluation and reaction flow from character guidance to the extent that from standards (Petersson et al., 2012). Gillon then called this: the 4 principles and scope mode of biomedical ethics† (Gillon, 2012). In the case of Mr. Con, doctor should follow these principals and plan the treatment. 5. Implementation of guidelines and principals in current case The content of common principles and regulations represents theories and worth’s that can locate the common ethical nature and approach for fitness care. Though, it is of small use in explaining personal ethical decisions. The insinuations for establishing ethical systems lie in recognizing their possible worth in describing the moral atmosphere and ethical approaches that are divided by health care employees. Regulations can also give clear sites for a few headline moral subjects for example euthanasia, but cannot give the convinced answers to a lot of ethical troubles encountered in the way of daily checkup practice. The purpose as to whether Mr. Con has theabilityto offer informed permission is generally an expert decision made and texted by the treating health care supplier. The provider can create a purpose of provisional or enduring inability, and that fortitude should be bonded to a particular verdict. The legal word competencymay be employed to explain a legal determin ation of supervisory capacity. The designation of a particularsubstitute choice makermay either be sanctioned by court regulations or is specified in condition statutes. 6. Conclusion If a court has decided that a patient is lacking ability, a health care giver must acquire informed permission from the court-agreed decision-maker. For instance, where a protector has been selected by the court in a responsibility act, a health care giver would look for the informed authority of the custodian, provided that the applicable court arrange covers individual or health care executive. From the whole discussion, we can conclude that, first the doctors should seek legal opinion and the according to options they should plan the treatment. Doctor should try to make Mr. Con’s understand about the consequences if Mr. Con will not treat for COPD soon. If his son still remains adamant then doctor should follow the court decision and do the treatment accordingly. Doctor should follow medical code and conduct but that should be in range of law. 7. References Anthony, D. L., Appari, A., Johnson, M. E. (2014). Institutionalizing HIPAA Compliance Organizations and Competing Logics in US Health Care. Journal of health and social behavior, 55(1), 108-124. Doyal, L. (1999). Ethico-legal dilemmas within general practice. General practice and ethics: Uncertainty and responsibility, 37. Gillon, R. (2012). When four principles are too many: a commentary. Journal of medical ethics, 38(4), 197-198. Iqbal, R., Hooper, C. R. (2013). Ethico-legal considerations of teaching. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care Pain, 13(6), 203-207. Knight, J. L., Sleeth, D. K., Larson, R. R., Pahler, L. F. (2013). An analysis of OSHA inspections assessing contaminant exposures in general medical and surgical hospitals. Workplace health safety, 61(4), 153-160. Mason, K., Laurie, G., Smith, A. M. (2013). Mason and McCall Smiths law and medical ethics: Oxford University Press. Petersson, I., Lilja, M., Borell, L., Andersson-Svidn, G., Borell, L., Beauchamp, T. L., et al. (2012). To feel safe in everyday life at home: a study of older adults after home modifications. Ageing and Society, 32(5), 791. Preston-Shoot, M., McKimm, J., Kong, W. M., Smith, S. (2011). Readiness for legally literate medical practice? Student perceptions of their undergraduate medico-legal education. Journal of medical ethics, 37(10), 616-622. Preston-Shoot, M., McKimm, J. (2011). Towards effective outcomes in teaching, learning and assessment of law in medical education. Medical education, 45(4), 339-346. Rogers, W., Ballantyne, A. (2010). Towards a practical definition of professional behaviour. Journal of medical ethics, 36(4), 250-254.

Condition of the heart :: essays research papers

Condition of the heart. Heart disease continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the United States, and because of this, a variety of conditions tend to occur over time. One of these conditions is atrial fibrillation that, according to the American heart association, â€Å"an estimated two million Americans have an irregular heartbeat† (MNN, 2005). It can be seen at times in apparently healthy people, but generally happens in persons older than 65 years of age, and if they are younger than 65 years old, they may suffer conditions such as hypertension, or coronary heart disease. Atrial fibrillation is â€Å"a common heart rhythm problem† (CNN,2005). People with this condition may have symptoms such as palpitations, which is usually the â€Å"classic symptom†. Some others may complain of shortness of breath, fatigue, dypnea, chest discomfort and lightheadedness (Yee and Rozewicz, 2003). A fib is not commonly life threatening; however, it could lead to complication if not treated properly. Atrial fibrillation may be sporadic or chronic. In sporadic atrial fibrillation, a person may have symptom that comes and goes, don’t last long, and stopped by themselves. However, with chronic A Fib, it lasts until is treated. Some people may have this condition and do not even know it until they go to the doctor for a physical exam. The causes of atrial fibrillation may be difficult to tell. However, in cases such as cardiac surgery, hyperthyroidism, long standing- hypertension, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, tachy-brady syndrome, holiday heart syndrome or moderate to heavy intake of alcohol, and other such as electrolytes imbalance, can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (Hiller, 1999). An according to the American Heart Association, 15% of strokes occur in people with atrial fibrillation. As a result treating, A Fib is an important way to prevent stroke. (MSNBC, 2005) Normally, in order to pump blood, the heart muscles must contract and relax in a coordinated rhythm; these are controlled by electrical signals that travel through the heart muscle. The heart consists of four chambers, two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). The upper right chamber has a group of cells called the sinus node, the hearts natural pacemaker. The node produces impulses that initiate each heartbeat. During normal rhythm, the impulse goes first to the atria, and then passes to the connecting pathway, which is located between the upper and lower chambers of the heart and is known as atrioventricular node.